http://hdl.handle.net/10451/1852 2013-05-26T06:36:01Z http://hdl.handle.net/10451/7169 Title: Viver com ou sem abrigo: etnografia de lugares vagos Authors: Silva, Susana Pereira da,1962- Abstract: A presente investigação tem como objectivo analisar os processos de socialização e de aprendizagem de pessoas adultas a viver em situação de sem-abrigo, em Lisboa. O conceito adoptado tem por base a Tipologia Europeia sobre Sem-abrigo e Exclusão Habitacional – ETHOS – que estabelece que sem-abrigo é uma categoria conceptual que engloba duas situações: pessoas que vivem na rua ou em espaços exteriores; e pessoas que pernoitam num centro de alojamento temporário. Recorre-se à noção de lugar vago, proposta por Charles Darwin, como um espaço de sobrevivência possível mas habitualmente não praticado pela generalidade de uma determinada população. Do ponto de vista metodológico desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa etnográfica com recurso à observação participante e entrevistas biográficas e temáticas, num total de vinte e quatro pessoas a viver ou que viveram em situação de sem-abrigo. Os resultados evidenciam que face a situações de extrema vulnerabilidade, isto é, perda de habitação e de recursos financeiros estáveis, as pessoas tendem a ocupar dois tipos de lugares vagos: a rua ou casas abandonadas; e os centros de alojamento temporário ou as comunidades de trabalho. As estratégias de sobrevivência adoptadas são distintas: enquanto as primeiras mantêm vínculos de fraca intensidade com os serviços sociais; as restantes adaptam-se à vida comunitária, procurando salvaguardar uma certa independência e autonomia. Estes dois tipos de percursos são, regra geral, mutuamente exclusivos, isto é, as pessoas que se socializam na rua raramente aceitam ingressar num centro de alojamento temporário. De igual modo as pessoas que optam pelos centros ou comunidades, raramente passaram pela experiência de sobreviver na rua, rejeitando essa alternativa. A maioria dos participantes deste estudo gostaria de alterar a situação em que se encontrava se pudesse garantir algum controlo sobre a sua existência. As mudanças são encaradas por ambos como verdadeiros saltos para o desconhecido. Estes resultados proporcionam informação pertinente para a concepção, gestão e organização dos serviços de apoio a pessoas em situação de sem-abrigo.; This research aims to analyze the processes of socialization and learning of adults who live in a situation of homelessness in Lisbon. The concept adopted is based on the European Typology on Homelessness and Housing Exclusion - ETHOS - which states that homelessness is a conceptual category that encompasses two situations: people living on the street or outdoors and people who overnight in temporary shelters. The research draws on the notion of unoccupied-places, developed by Charles Darwin, as a possible survival space but usually not practiced by the majority of a population. From the methodological point of view an ethnographic research was developed using both participant observation and biographical and thematic interviews to a set of twenty-four people living in a homeless situation. The results show that in situations of extreme vulnerability, i.e., loss of housing and stable financial resources, people tend to occupy two types of places: the street or abandoned houses, and shelters or working communities. Coping strategies and adaptation developed by each person choosing one or another kind of place are distinct: while the ones who socialize on the street or in abandoned sites seek to survive by keeping low-intensity links with social support structures; those using social services socialize in these new sites seeking to maintain some independence and autonomy. In general these two types of paths are mutually exclusive; people who socialize on the street rarely accept to enter a shelter house. Similarly people who socialize in shelters rarely had the experience of surviving on the street, rejecting this possibility. Most participants in this study would change the situation they were in if they could ensure some sort of control over their lives. For both groups, changes are regarded as true jumps into the unknown. These results provide information relevant to the design, management and organization of support services for people at risk of homelessness. 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10451/7108 Title: A integração da calculadora gráfica no ensino da matemática: estudo sobre as práticas curriculares de professores do ensino secundário Authors: Rocha, Helena Cristina Oitavem Fonseca da Abstract: Este estudo pretende contribuir para documentar como o professor utiliza a calculadora gráfica no ensino da Matemática do secundário, bem como compreender o seu conhecimento para ensinar Matemática com a tecnologia (CEMT) e a influência deste sobre a integração que é feita da calculadora. O quadro teórico incide sobre o conhecimento profissional e sobre a calculadora gráfica, merecendo particular destaque o modelo do CEMT, desenvolvido no decurso deste trabalho. Este modelo adopta quatro domínios base de conhecimento (Matemática, ensino-aprendizagem, currículo e tecnologia), dois conjuntos de conhecimentos inter-domínios (Matemática, tecnologia e currículo – MTC, e ensino-aprendizagem, tecnologia e currículo - EATC) e um conhecimento integrado (CI), que engloba e articula o conhecimento de todos os domínios e que se desenvolve de forma interactiva e dinâmica em relação com a prática. O estudo segue uma abordagem metodológica de natureza qualitativa e interpretativa, com a realização de estudos de caso de duas professoras do ensino secundário, com recolha de dados através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, observação de aulas e recolha documental. A análise de dados foi orientada pelo quadro teórico e, mais especificamente, pelo modelo do CEMT, conciliado com a interpretação dos dados de cada professora. As duas professoras envolvidas no estudo detêm um CEMT bastante desenvolvido, embora com níveis distintos, que se reflecte nas respectivas práticas de ensino da Matemática. A professora com um CEMT de nível avançado propõe na aula um conjunto de tarefas com características muito diversificadas e usa de forma bastante completa as potencialidades da calculadora na sua resolução, nomeadamente na articulação entre representações das funções e no apoio ao trabalho de natureza exploratória dos alunos. Os diferentes níveis de conhecimento das professoras traduzem-se também em diferentes ênfases sobre os domínios do conhecimento, com a professora com um CEMT de nível intermédio a revelar uma tendência para privilegiar um ou outro dos conhecimentos inter-domínios.; This study aims to describe the practices of secondary mathematics teachers using the graphing calculator in classroom and to understand the influence of teachers‟ knowledge for teaching mathematics with technology (KTMT) on the graphing calculators‟ integration. The theoretical framework focuses on the professional knowledge and on the graphing calculator, and emphasises the KTMT model developed during this study. This model adopts four basic areas of knowledge (mathematics, teaching and learning, curriculum, and technology), two sets of inter-domain knowledge (mathematics, technology, and curriculum – MTC, and teaching and learning, technology, and curriculum – TLTC) and an integrated knowledge (IK). The later includes and articulates the knowledge of all other domains and develops in a dynamic and interactive way in and from practice. This study adopts a qualitative and interpretative methodological approach, undertaking two teacher case studies. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews, class observation, and documental data gathering. Data analysis was conducted combining the theoretical framework and the categories that emerged from the interpretation of data collected for each teacher. Both teachers revealed to have a developed KTMT, but with different levels, and this knowledge is reflected in their mathematics teaching practices. The teacher with a KTMT more advanced level proposes to her class a diversity of mathematical tasks and takes profit of the full potential of the graphing calculator in its resolution, namely in connecting representations of functions and supporting the exploratory work of students. The different levels of knowledge of teachers are also reflected on the areas of knowledge that they value, with the mid-level KTMT teacher revealing a tendency to focus on one of the two sets of inter-domain knowledge at a time. 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10451/1846 Title: Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance in transplantation Authors: Graça, Luís, 1971- Abstract: A short-term treatment leading to long-term acceptance of transplanted tissues has been one of the major objectives in transplantation immunology. Non-depleting monoclonal antibodies, such as those targeting CD4, CD8 and CD154, have been shown effective in inducing transplantation tolerance. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that allow tolerance induction and maintenance are still largely unknown. A more precise identification of such mechanisms would allow the development of more robust tolerogenic strategies, and the generation of new diagnostic tools. This thesis demonstrates that transplantation tolerance induced by co-stimulation blockade leads to a dominant and infectious form of tolerance maintained by CD4+ T cells. Co-stimulation blockade, when combined with co-receptor blockade, led to robust tolerance of fully mismatched skin allografts. Such tolerance was also dominant, manifest by linked-suppression and a dependence on regulatory CD4+ T cells. I examined the phenotype of T cells maintaining dominant tolerance, and concluded that these could be found within both the CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25- populations of tolerised mice, yet only among the CD4+CD25+ T cells of naïve animals. Such regulatory cells were found not only in the spleen of tolerised mice, but also in the tolerated tissue. Finally, I describe a strategy to eliminate the immunogenicity of 'therapeutic' mAbs by temporarily interfering with their capacity to bind to cells. Further elucidation of mechanisms of transplantation tolerance, namely the identification of specific markers for regulatory T cells, may lead to significant advances on our understanding of T cell suppression and may greatly facilitate the clinical application of tolerogenic strategies. Description: Tese de doutoramento (Registo), Univ. de Lisboa, nº 27, 2009, Medicina (Imunologia), 2009, University of Oxford 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10451/1847 Title: Characterization of CD8+ T-CELL populations of the human peripheral blood Authors: Monteiro, Marta Ferreira, 1978- Abstract: Following antigenic challenge, naïve CD8+ T lymphocytes undergo severalchanges, including the expression of cell-surface molecules. In humans, theassociation of CCR7, CD45RA, CD27 and CD28 is widely used to discriminate areproducible set of functionally different subpopulations of CD8+ T cells. However,the prevailing data concerning the description of these subsets remainsfragmentary, since a multitude of studies used a different and limited set of surfacemarkers. Hence, some CD8+ T-cell subsets are still not clearly established,especially within the CCR7 CD45RA+ and CCR7 CD45R0+ compartments, andthe correspondent differential roles and lineage relationships remain undisclosed.The present study aims to define a predictable and precise correlationbetween particular cell surface markers and CD8+ T-cell functional properties. Weassociated CCR7, CD45RA, CD27 and CD28 expression levels to subdivide CD8+T cells into fourteen different cell types. These populations were further isolatedand gene expression of 18 genes was assessed, simultaneously, in single-cells bya novel multiplex RT-PCR method we developed. Our results demonstrate that thedifferent subpopulations display distinct and characteristic gene co-expressionpatterns, reproducible between donors. CD45RA expression is required to definethe naïve subset, but does not discriminate functionally different populations ofprimed cells. In contrast, gene expression profiles of CCR7-CD8+ T cells correlatesignificantly to CD27 expression levels and CD27/CD28 co-expression, and ahierarchy of activation stages could be established as follows: naïve < CD27high <CD27+CD28+ < CD28+CD27 < CD27+CD28 < CD27 CD28 . Surprisingly, wefound that CD45RA+ and CD45RA cells of each of these subsets had the samegene expression patterns at both qualitative and quantitative level. Importantly, weidentified minor subsets displaying characteristics of recent activation that could befound in both CD45RA+ and CD45RA compartments. These findings stronglysuggest that differentiation of naïve CD8+ T cells into effectors does notnecessarily imply CD45RA downregulation. Furthermore, they describe novelCD8+ T cell subsets and establish a correlation between surface phenotype andcell function, which helped to identify homogeneous populations. Description: Tese de doutoramento (Registo), Univ. de Lisboa, nº 28, 2009, (Immunologie), Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2009 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z