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Os tratados Ade - instrumentos políticos e jurídicos na construção imperial assíria, secs. VIII-VII a.C.: entre a continuidade e a singularidade
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A expansão da Assíria, entre os séculos VIII e VII a.C., alcançou uma vasta
amplitude geográfica, caracterizando-se o seu domínio por um modelo profundamente
integrador de espaços e gentes. A guerra e a transformação de territórios conquistados
em províncias, assim como a deportação de populações, eram alguns dos instrumentos
mais efectivos para consumar e estruturar o poder assírio. Noutros casos, esse poder
impunha-se de modo indirecto, através da submissão política de outros estados,
formalizada por tratados jurados (ade). Estes tratados partilhavam, com outros
exemplos da tradição diplomática do Próximo Oriente Antigo, dispositivos como o
juramento, as testemunhas divinas e as maldições cominatórias, o que os incluíam de
igual modo na própria tradição legal mesopotâmica e na cultura monumental.
No entanto, os tratados neo-assírios não devem ser entendidos apenas como
instrumentos de política internacional e expansão. Muitos deles possuem uma lógica
interna, relacionada com a transmissão do poder, sendo designados pela historiografia
como “juramentos de lealdade”. Eram impostos, não sobre soberanos estrangeiros, mas
sobre os próprios súbditos do rei assírio, destinando-se a salvaguardar a lealdade para
com o monarca e o respeito pela sua escolha do herdeiro ao trono. Um destes
“juramentos” ou “tratados”, promovido por Assaradão em 672 a.C., associa, de forma
ambígua, uma dimensão externa e diplomática a uma lógica interna: apesar de procurar
garantir a sucessão ao trono de Assurbanípal, os seus contraentes eram um grupo de
chefes estrangeiros dos Zagros.
A coexistência dessas duas dimensões, nesse tratado específico, torna-o atípico no
quadro da tradição diplomática do Próximo Oriente Antigo. Passando em revista, num
tempo longo, diversos exemplos de tratados ao longo do Próximo Oriente Antigo, este
trabalho procura entender a ambiguidade desse tratado, as suas funções e motivações
implícitas, não apenas à luz dessa continuidade, mas também das próprias
características da expansão assíria.
ABSTRACT: The expansion of Assyria, during the 8th and 7th centuries BC, attained a vast geographical extent. Its domain profoundly integrated territories and peoples, engaging war, turning conquered territories into provinces and deporting people. These were some of the most effective instruments used by the Assyrians to consummate and structure their power. In some cases, however, that power was imposed indirectly on other states through formal oaths and treaties. The Assyrian treaties (ade) shared with most of the other extant treaties of the Ancient Near East elements such as the oath, divine witnesses and the comminatory curses, which included them in the Mesopotamian legal traditions and monumental culture. However, Neo-Assyrian treaties should not be understood only as instruments of foreign policy and expansion. Many of them, generally designated by historiography as “loyalty oaths”, fit better an internal logic related to the transmission of power in the political center, imposed, not on foreign rulers but on the subjects of the Assyrian king, in order to guarantee their loyalty to the monarch and their respect to the choice he made about the designated heir. One of these “loyalty oaths” or treaties, imposed by Esarhaddon in 672 BC, ambiguously assembled features of foreign policy and internal politics: though seeking to guarantee that Ashurbanipal would succeed him in the throne, the other contracting parties, over whom the oath was imposed, were several foreign rulers from the Zagros. The coexistence of these two dimensions in this particular text makes it atypical considering the diplomatic traditions in the Ancient Near East. Reviewing these traditions through several examples of treaties made in a long time span, this work tries to understand the ambiguity of this treaty, its functions and motivations, not only in light of that continuity, but also of the specific features of the Assyrian expansion.
ABSTRACT: The expansion of Assyria, during the 8th and 7th centuries BC, attained a vast geographical extent. Its domain profoundly integrated territories and peoples, engaging war, turning conquered territories into provinces and deporting people. These were some of the most effective instruments used by the Assyrians to consummate and structure their power. In some cases, however, that power was imposed indirectly on other states through formal oaths and treaties. The Assyrian treaties (ade) shared with most of the other extant treaties of the Ancient Near East elements such as the oath, divine witnesses and the comminatory curses, which included them in the Mesopotamian legal traditions and monumental culture. However, Neo-Assyrian treaties should not be understood only as instruments of foreign policy and expansion. Many of them, generally designated by historiography as “loyalty oaths”, fit better an internal logic related to the transmission of power in the political center, imposed, not on foreign rulers but on the subjects of the Assyrian king, in order to guarantee their loyalty to the monarch and their respect to the choice he made about the designated heir. One of these “loyalty oaths” or treaties, imposed by Esarhaddon in 672 BC, ambiguously assembled features of foreign policy and internal politics: though seeking to guarantee that Ashurbanipal would succeed him in the throne, the other contracting parties, over whom the oath was imposed, were several foreign rulers from the Zagros. The coexistence of these two dimensions in this particular text makes it atypical considering the diplomatic traditions in the Ancient Near East. Reviewing these traditions through several examples of treaties made in a long time span, this work tries to understand the ambiguity of this treaty, its functions and motivations, not only in light of that continuity, but also of the specific features of the Assyrian expansion.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, História Antiga, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2010
Palavras-chave
Assaradão, Rei da Assíria, 0680?-0669? a.C. Tratados - Antiguidade Juramentos políticos - Antiguidade Médio Oriente - História - séc. 08-07 a.C. Assíria - História - séc. 08-07 a.C. Teses de mestrado - 2010