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Luso-tropicalism and its discontents: the making and unmaking of racial exceptionalism
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In thinking about racial diff erence and race relations in the Global South, Gilberto
Freyre’s theories, propounded in the 1930s and formalized in the 1950s,
of Portuguese (and therefore Brazilian) racial exceptionalism should immediately
come to mind. Notwithstanding the ambivalence of his prose, Freyre’s
work fostered an appreciation that Portugal had been more benign and racially
tolerant as a colonizer than had other European powers, that Brazil as a nation
might one day constitute a racially mixed Arcadia, and that the vast Portuguese
imperial world was ultimately a successful, if sometimes troubled, interracial
experiment. Preoccupied with cultural particularism and autonomy,
Freyre helped to concoct the myth of Brazilian racial democracy, arguing that
peculiarities of Portuguese colonialism cultivated a convivial mixed-race society,
which had incorporated Africans. His major study, Casa-grande & senzala
(1933)—poetic and impressionistic, and bearing the imprint of his association
with anthropologists at Columbia University—was largely an aversive reaction
to the rigid racial regime he had experienced in the Southern United States,
that other “exceptional” society In this infl uential tract, Freyre implicitly juxtaposed
American racial segregation and Lusophone racial mixing—racial
exclusion and racial “harmony”—looking back nostalgically to what he imagined
to be the relatively benign patriarchal structures established under Portuguese
colonialism. But what was the true valence of this supposed Lusophone
exceptionalism? Was it self-deceiving? Was it even distinctive compared to
other racial regimes in the Global South?
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Anderson, W., Roque, R., Santos, R. V. (Eds.) (2019). Luso-tropicalism and its discontents: the making and unmaking of racial exceptionalism. New York. Oxford: Berghahn